Guanidinoacetic acid supplementation and stocking density effects on broiler performance: behavior, biochemistry, immunity, and small intestinal histomorphology

Table 6 Efficacy of GAA supplementation on energy-related variables, oxidant/antioxidant status parameters, and stress-related biomarkers

Stocking density (birds/m²)	GAA (g/kg feed)	LDH (U/L)	CK (U/L)	SOD (U/gT)	GPx (U/gT)	Catalase (U/L)	MDA (nM/ml)	Nitrite (µmol/L)	CORT (ng/ml)
LSD	0	2725.15^a	35,515.33^a	2024.21^a	68.12^b	221.20^c	3.67	26.05^a	3.88^c
LSD	0.6	5622.88^b	36,619.16^a	2089.24^a	120.95^a	565.18^a	2.92	16.30^b	2.33^d
HSD	0	2807.77^a	31,183.49^b	1793.58^b	63.44^b	242.28^c	3.33	25.37^a	7.24^a
HSD	0.6	5636.39^b	30,707.95^b	1889.87^ab	89.10^b	372.56^b	3.43	20.07^b	5.23^b
Pooled SEM		281.46	1199.31	34.07	5.55	27.21	0.14	0.87	0.32
P value
SD		0.888	0.035	0.001	0.016	0.015	0.767	0.219	< 0.001
GAA		< 0.001	0.894	0.185	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.243	< 0.001	< 0.001
SD × GAA		0.920	0.738	0.795	0.069	0.003	0.130	0.079	0.452

P value in bold are statistically significant
LSD, low stocking density (10 birds/m²); HSD, high stocking density (16 birds/m²); SD, stocking density; GAA, guanidinoacetic acid (0.6 g/kg) feed; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; CORT, corticosterone
^a,b,cDifferent superscript letters in the same column indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05), Pooled SEM: total SEM

ISSN: 1751-0147